Objective To examine the association between adherence to the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top and total and cause specific mortality. One of the most important ways to measure the burden of COVID-19 is mortality. The Spearman rank correlation coefficients for each intake between the two surveys were as follows: 0.47 and 0.45 for grain dishes, 0.52 and 0.55 for vegetable dishes, 0.46 and 0.50 for fish and meat dishes, 0.52 and 0.51 for milk, 0.54 and 0.56 for fruits, 0.49 and 0.51 for total energy, 0.52 and 0.50 for energy from snacks, and 0.64 and 0.64 for alcohol in men and women, respectively. Higher diet quality scores have been consistently associated with a lower risk of mortality.10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 All cause mortality was reportedly reduced by 11-42%,10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 cardiovascular disease mortality by 17-60%,10 11 14 15 16 18 19 20 22 23 24 and cancer mortality by 11-40%11 14 15 16 18 19 23 in individuals with the highest category of scores of diet quality compared with individuals with the lowest category. This could be due to chance, especially as there was no significant evidence of a difference between men and women. Later, progress against mortality was achieved also for adults over 40 and younger children. Red meat was defined as steak, grilled and stewed beef, stir fried pork, deep fried pork, Western style stewed pork, Japanese style stewed pork, pork in soup, pork liver, ham, sausage or Wiener sausage, bacon and luncheon meats, and chicken liver. We observed a significant inverse trend for cancer mortality in men (P=0.02 for trend) but not in women (P=0.96 for trend); there was, however, no significant evidence of a difference in these effects between men and women (P=0.11 for interaction by sex). This page was last updated on Friday, January 22, 2021 at 03:00 AM EST. The contour map in Figure la displays this progress even for elderly males. We conducted multiple sensitivity analyses by excluding individuals with a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or dyslipidaemia and those who died during the first three years of follow-up. For individuals who were lost to follow-up, we used the last confirmed date of their participation in the study area as the censoring date. The participants of cohort II included residents aged 40-69 from six public health centre areas (Ibaraki, Niigata, Kochi, Nagasaki, Okinawa-Miyako, and Osaka). We use the CDC, NIH and individual state and county databases for verification and supplementation for USA data. This website is a resource to help advance the understanding of the virus, inform the public, and brief policymakers in order to guide a response, improve care, and save lives. The food guide comprises five categories of dish: grain dishes (including rice, bread, and noodles), vegetable dishes (including vegetables, mushrooms, potatoes, and seaweed), fish and meat dishes (including meat, fish, eggs, and soybeans, milk (milk and milk products), and fruits (fruit and 100% fruit juice) (fig 1⇑).9 Soybeans are included in category of fish and meat dishes on the basis of nutrient profile (high protein). In 1947, just after World War II, Japan’s infant mortality rate was 76.7, which was relatively high compared to other countries. This rate is often used an indicator of the level of health in a country. Participants 36 624 men and 42 970 women aged 45-75 who had no history of cancer, … We observed relatively large attenuation in associations with the food guide score (≥20%) after additional adjustment for the fruit score (29.3%) and vegetable dishes score (29.2%) for total mortality, fruit score (23.5%), and vegetable dishes score (20.6%) for cardiovascular disease mortality, and fish and meat dishes score (23.0%) and fruit score (22.8%) for cerebrovascular disease mortality (data not shown in table). We determined the scores by measuring adherence to the food guide from information in the food frequency questionnaire. "The mortality rates and causes of death among elderly people aged sixty five and over were compared between China and Japan. Thoughts On mortality Tokyo, Japan: Printing Bureau of the Ministry of Finance, 2005. The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births. By multiplying the score (continuous) and the above stratifying variables (dichotomous), we created an interaction term that we added to the model to assess statistical interactions. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. From the food frequency questionnaire, we estimated total daily energy intake and intake of each nutrient and food item according to the Japanese standard tables of food composition.29 The food frequency questionnaire has reasonable validity and reproducibility.30 31 32 As regards validity, the Spearman rank correlation coefficients for energy adjusted intakes of food groups between diet records and the food frequency questionnaire ranged from 0.08 for algae to 0.76 for alcoholic beverages in men and 0.06 for algae to 0.66 for milk and dairy products in women in cohort I32 and from 0.11 for algae to 0.69 for milk and dairy products in men and 0.12 for fungi to 0.65 for pickled vegetables in women in cohort II.30 As regard reproducibility, the Spearman rank correlation coefficients for energy adjusted intakes of food groups measured at 12 month intervals with the food frequency questionnaire ranged from 0.38 for total beverages to 0.71 for alcoholic beverages in men and 0.30 for nuts and seeds to 0.74 for milk and dairy products in women in cohort I31 and from 0.38 for algae to 0.70 for alcoholic beverages in men and 0.40 for fish and shellfish and algae to 0.80 for alcoholic beverages in women in cohort II.30. Members of the Japan Public Health Center based Prospective (JPHC) Study Group. FAOSTAT. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. If an individual consumed less than the recommended amount of servings or energy, the score was calculated with the following formula: 10×(the consumed amount of servings or energy)/(the lower limit of the recommended amount). In most studies, higher diet quality scores have been consistently and strongly associated with reduced mortality from cardiovascular disease.11 18 19 20 22 23 36 In our study, individuals in the highest fourth of the food guide scores had a 16% lower rate of mortality from cardiovascular disease compared with those in the lowest fourth. The diagonal lines on the chart below correspond to different case fatality ratios (the number of deaths divided by the number of confirmed cases). A meta-analysis of 18 prospective studies showed a lower risk of cerebrovascular disease associated with high consumption of fish.38 A prospective study in Shanghai showed that higher intake of red meat is associated with a lower risk of mortality from haemorrhagic stroke.39 Our findings, together with previous reports, suggest that a dietary pattern of high intake of vegetables and fruits and adequate intake of fish and meat can significantly decrease the risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease in East Asian populations, particularly from cerebrovascular disease.40. Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. Japanese people are proven to be the healthiest people in the world, as shown in numerous statistics. Hover over the circles to see the country name and a ratio value. Higher modified food guide scores were associated with a lower risk of total, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease mortality (table 5⇓); the multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of total, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease mortality for the highest versus lowest fourth of the dietary score were 0.82 (0.77 to 0.88; P<0.001 for trend), 0.81 (0.71 to 0.93; P=0.001 for trend), and 0.77 (0.62 to 0.96; P=0.001 for trend), respectively. For cause specific mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality (particularly cerebrovascular disease mortality) was inversely associated with the food guide score; the multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of cardiovascular disease mortality for the lowest through highest fourth category of scores were 1.00, 0.97 (0.87 to 1.07), 0.86 (0.77 to 0.97), and 0.84 (0.73 to 0.96) (P=0.005 for trend). Regarding food intake, a standard portion size was specified for each food item and the respondents were asked to assess their usual portion size relative to the standard specified for each food item using three options (less than half, standard, and more than one and half times). Maternal mortality ratio , 2008-2012*, Reported – Maternal mortality ratio , 2010, Adjusted. Design Large scale population based prospective cohort study in Japan with follow-up for a median of 15 years. The National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan, 2010. The reference value for estimating hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals was chosen as 8, the lowest value of this score. We added the ratio of white to red meat as a new component to the score, creating the modified score according to the alternate healthy eating index.8 White meat was defined as grilled chicken, deep fried chicken, salmon, skipjack/tuna, cod/flatfish, sea bream, horse mackerel/sardine, saury/mackerel, eel, squid, octopus, shrimp, clam, pond snails, salted fish, dried fish, dried whitebait, salted fish roe, canned tuna, and fish paste products. After much hard work and undertaking huge measures, many countries have found huge reduction in the infant mortality rate but there are many … Ultimately, 79 594 participants (36 624 men and 42 970 women) remained for the present analysis. In one serving of fruits, the main ingredient weighs about 100 g. The recommended amount of servings for each category and the recommended total energy intake are specified according to sex, age, and level of physical activity, whereas the recommended amount of energy intake from snacks and alcoholic beverages is less than 200 kcal/day for everyone (table 1⇓). Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Contributors: ST was involved in the design of study as the principal investigator; ST, NS, and SS conducted the survey; KK, SA, IK, AG, TM, and MN drafted the plan for the data analyses; KK, SA, and AG conducted data analysis; AG and TM provided statistical expertise; KK drafted the manuscript; KK and TM had primary responsibility for final content; and all authors were involved in interpretation of the results and revision of the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscripts. Thirdly, our analysis included individuals with a history of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidaemia, who might have received advice to follow the dietary guidelines for each disease and changed their diet accordingly. Both total mortality rate and cause-specific mortality rates decreased in both sexes. In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan jointly developed the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top in 2005 (fig 1⇓).9 This guide attempts to illustrate the balance and quantity of food in the daily Japanese diet.9 In 2009, Oba and colleagues developed a scoring system to measure the adherence to the food guide based on intake of grain dishes, vegetable dishes, fish and meat dishes, milk, and fruits, as well as the total daily energy and energy from snacks and alcoholic beverages.10. Baseline characteristics of participants* according to score on Japanese food guide. Death rate: 10.2 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.) Overall incidence and mortality rates are higher in China than in Japan, and variation in mortality and incidence patterns is greater in China than in Japan. In this large prospective cohort in Japan, individuals with higher adherence to the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top had a 15% lower total mortality rate. During the study period (1987-2000), the decline in age-adjusted mortality rates was more apparent in China than in Japan. Ethics of Digital Contact Tracing: Principles, Report Series: Primer on COVID-19 Vaccine. There was also significant evidence of a difference in effects between normal and overweight/obese groups. There was no significant difference in association with total mortality according to sex and menopausal status. Results Higher scores on the food guide (better adherence) were associated with lower total mortality; the multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of total mortality for the lowest through highest scores were 1.00, 0.92 (0.87 to 0.97), 0.88 (0.83 to 0.93), and 0.85 (0.79 to 0.91) (P<0.001 for trend) and the multivariable adjusted hazard ratio associated with a 10 point increase in food guide scores was 0.93 (0.91 to 0.95; P<0.001 for trend). Although we did not require written informed consent, the study participants were informed of the objectives of the study; participants who responded to the questionnaire survey were considered to have consented to participating in the survey. Between 1991 and 2010, post neonatal mortality rate of Japan was declining at a moderating rate to shrink from 2.24 per 1000 births in 1991 to 1.28 per 1000 births in 2010. It certainly isn’t true that Japan’s infant mortality rate started to drop following a ban on mandatory vaccinations. The Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top is based on the Dietary Guidelines for Japanese, released in 2000, and guides people as to the types and amounts of food they should eat each day to promote health. All-cause mortality in Japan fell 3.5% in May despite Covid deaths peaking. Differences in mortality numbers can be caused by: Johns Hopkins experts in global public health, infectious disease, and emergency preparedness have been at the forefront of the international response to COVID-19. They found a 6.9% mortality rate among patients who underwent surgeries on surgeons’ birthdays, compared with a 5.6% rate among those whose underwent procedures on other days. We concluded that the recent decline in disability rates, treatment rates of chronic medical conditions and mortality rates points toward overall improvement in health conditions in adults over the age of 65 years in Japan. Overall, infant mortality rates have significantly decreased all over the world. Firstly, the food frequency questionnaire was not developed for the purpose of estimating the adherence to the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top. This resulted into Japan having the lowest infant mortality rate in the whole world, as well as the longest life expectancy. Both sexes combined. This epidemiological evidence, including the present findings, suggests that individuals with higher adherence to country specific dietary recommendations have a lower risk of total mortality. All rights reserved. In 2020, under-5 mortality rate for Japan was 2.3 deaths per thousand live births. Under-5 mortality rate of Japan fell gradually from 16.44 deaths per thousand live births in 1971 to 2.3 deaths per thousand live births in 2020. There are no plans to involve patients in dissemination. List of countries ranked by Death rate. The seasonality of the major causes of unintentional injury (transport accidents, drowning and suffocation) and intentional injury (suicide and homicide) mortality was examined for children and adolescents aged 0–19. In the present cohort, however, dietary intake was generally stable over time; the Spearman rank correlation coefficients of intake of each dish category between the second and the third surveys ranged between 0.46 and 0.64 in men and between 0.45 and 0.64 in women. The assessment of overall diet quality has been shown to be useful in evaluating the effect of diet on morbidity or mortality.6 More than 25 a priori defined dietary scoring systems have been developed to assess diet quality based on adherence to dietary recommendations or guidelines specific to the country where the tool was developed.6 For example, the healthy eating index7 and the alternate healthy eating index8 were developed in the United States according to Dietary Guidelines for Americans on the basis of nutrient and food intake. There was some evidence, though not significant, of an inverse association for cancer mortality (0.96, 0.93 to 1.00; P=0.053 for trend). Copyright © 2021 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd     京ICP备15042040号-3, , director of Research Centre for Cancer Prevention and Screening, Japan Public Health Center based Prospective Study Group, [Standard tables of food composition in Japan]. This finding could be explained by the higher consumption of fish44 45 and lower consumption of beef and pork45 46 among the Japanese population compared with Western populations, maintaining an appropriate balance between white and red meat intakes in terms of cardiovascular health. Gram quantities were summed and used to calculate the ratio. South Dakota ranked third-worst in the world. Crude mortality rate refers to the number of deaths over a given period divided by the person-years lived by the population over that period. The infant mortality rate in Japan, for children under the age of one year old, was 166 deaths per thousand births in 1920. We do not capture any email address. The infant mortality rate for U.S. in 2019 was 5.748 deaths per 1000 live births, a 1.15% decline from 2018. The data used for comparison was China's 1990 and Japan's 1990 vital statistics. We determined active TB incidence and mortality rates (per 100 000 population) by sex, age and disease categories. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease mortality for a 10 point increment in the food guide score were 0.93 (0.89 to 0.98) and 0.89 (0.82 to 0.95), respectively. Science and Technology Agency. Objective To examine the association between adherence to the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top and total and cause specific mortality. The mortality rate in Japan declined steadily from the end of the 19th century until World War 11. There was some evidence (though not quite significant) of an inverse association between the score and cancer mortality (hazard ratio for a 10 point increment in the dietary score 0.96, 0.93 to 1.00; P=0.053). Studies in Western populations have shown that better quality of diet is associated with lower mortality from major chronic diseases, The evidence on this issue from prospective studies is scarce among Asian populations, Closer adherence to Japanese dietary guidelines was associated with a lower risk of death from all causes and cardiovascular disease, particularly cerebrovascular disease, Balanced consumption of various dishes might contribute to longevity in the Japanese population. Quality of diet and mortality among Japanese men and women: Japan Public Health Center based prospective study, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112738/1/9789240692671_eng.pdf?ua=1, http://www0.nih.go.jp/eiken/chosa/kokumin_eiyou/doc_theme/tbl_1100.xls, Articles by Japan Public Health Center based Prospective Study Group, Kent and Medway NHS & Social Care Partnership Trust: Consultant Psychiatrist - Britton House, Kent and Medway NHS & Social Care Partnership Trust: Consultant Psychiatrist in MHLD, Kent and Medway NHS & Social Care Partnership Trust: Consultant Psychiatrist - Pinewood Ward, Women’s, children’s & adolescents’ health. The underlying database for the MORT application is a set of XML files that follow ACORD’s XTbML standards. Old age mortality in Japan is directly influenced by age, gender, employment, functional status, self-rated ill health, and cognitive impairment. The current infant mortality rate for Japan in 2021 is 1.644 deaths per 1000 live births, a 2.38% decline from 2020.; The infant mortality rate for Japan in 2020 was 1.684 deaths per 1000 live births, a 2.32% decline from 2019. Because the questionnaire that was used for the five year follow-up survey (that is, the second survey) provided more comprehensive information about food intake than the questionnaire that was used for the baseline survey, we used the second survey data as the baseline data for this analysis. Data. Our findings suggest that balanced consumption of energy, grains, vegetables, fruits, meat, fish, eggs, soy products, dairy products, confectionaries, and alcoholic beverages can contribute to longevity by decreasing the risk of death, predominantly from cardiovascular disease, in the Japanese population. Countries throughout the world have reported very different case fatality ratios – the number of deaths divided by the number of confirmed cases. Operationalisation of Japanese food guide score (scored components comprised grain dishes, vegetable dishes, fish and meat dishes, milk, fruits, total energy, and snacks and alcoholic beverages; total score 0-70) and modified score (scored components as for standard score plus ratio of white to red meat*; total score 0-80). In sensitivity analyses, the associations between the dietary score and mortality were strengthened after we excluded these individuals. We also excluded 6328 participants who reported history of cancer, stroke, ischaemic heart disease, or chronic liver disease in the baseline and second survey. From 2000 to 2017, the global maternal mortality ratio declined by 38 per cent – from 342 deaths to 211 deaths per 100,000 live births, according to UN inter-agency estimates. Conversely, in Tokyo, no excess mortality was detected until July. World Health Statistics 2014. WHO, 2015. Subgroup analysis was also conducted to calculate SMR according to sex. Maternal mortality ratio , 2008-2012*, Reported – Maternal mortality ratio , 2010, Adjusted. Given that higher intake of vegetables and fruits has been associated with a lower risk of mortality,35 the previous study10 might have underestimated this association. Furthermore, the maternal mortality rate, which was 8.8 in 1992 and 4.0 per 100 000 births in 2012, respectively,1 has decreased by half over the past two decades. Thus, well designed food frequency questionnaires could be used to estimate dish servings and calculate the adherence score. When individuals consumed more than the recommended equivalents of vegetable dishes or fruits, their scores for these foods were deducted in the previous Japanese study. If the finding was genuine, however, it might potentially be explained by sex difference of major forms of cancer, on which diet has differential impact. An ideal score of 10 was given for ratios ≥4:1,8 whereas a score of 0 was given for a ratio of 0. We estimated hazard ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals for a 10 point increase in the standard and modified scores. We found that 918 (14.1%) of the 6,500 participants in ELSA had died by the census date, with a higher rate among men than women (16.3 vs. 12.3%, P < 0.001). Objectives In this study, we compared the decrease in cancer mortality rates among prefectures in Japan using age-period-cohort (APC) analysis.Methods We used the cancer mortality data of each prefecture in Japan, as determined by the Vital Statistics, over 5-year periods from 1995 to 2015. Figures are means (SD) unless stated otherwise (lower score=lower adherence=lower quality diet). Alcoholism mortality rate in Japan. Sex-age-period specific mortality rates of the Japanese population are available at the Portal Site of Official Statistics of Japan (e-Stat).9 Observed and expected number of deaths were then categorised according to attained age group (0–<30, 30–<40, 40–<50, 50–<60, 60–<70, 70–<80 and ≥80 years). Nevertheless, the perinatal mortality rate in Japan was 4:1000 in 2012,1 which is the lowest in the world. Causes of deaths were confirmed through death certificates (with permission) and were defined according to ICD-10 (international classification of diseases, 10th revision).33 The major endpoint of the present study was mortality from all causes, cancer (ICD-10 codes C00 to C97), cardiovascular disease (I00 to I99), heart disease (I20 to I52), and cerebrovascular disease (I60 to I69). Our findings agree with those from other studies that reported that higher diet quality scores were associated with reduced total mortality.10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 In China, the Chinese Food Pagoda score assesses the adherence to the Chinese Food Pagoda, which is based on food groups according to the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese.19 The concept of the Chinese Food Pagoda score is similar to that of the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top. the household the lower the mortality rate. The alcoholism death rates were closely related to the levels of alcohol consumption. Participants were divided into fourths of food guide scores. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. However, the age-stratified analysis demonstrated that crude mortality among those aged <75 years has decreased in both men and women. All analyses were performed with SAS version 9.3 for Windows (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and Stata version 13.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). We then combined the estimates from each imputed dataset using Rubin’s rules (the SAS PROC MIANALYZE procedure).34 We used Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of mortality from total and cause specific mortality for fourths of the food guide scores and the modified scores, using the lowest fourth as a reference. Level of health, Labour and Welfare of Japan population from 1950 to 2021 births! With dietary habits was obtained at each survey Japanese Government banned numerous of vaccines including MMR, of. And disease categories January 22, 2021 at 03:00 AM EST. statistics for! Also determined cause-specific mortality rates and causes of death identified with the stroke mortality rate presented a growing. Calculated standardized mortality ratios and the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals was chosen as,. All over the past twenty years: for example, mortality may rise as hospitals become overwhelmed and fewer. 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